Codes of law include references to these contracted arrangements with herdsmen and their wages (CH 261). The Code of Hammurabi (eighteenth century BCE) requires negligent herdsmen to pay for animals that are lost or become diseased (CH 264–65, 267). However, if losses to the herd result from attacks by wild animals, the herders are not held responsible since that is due either to an act of God or to a poorly maintained public enclosure (see CH 266). The primary purpose of a